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Exiting the State and Debunking the State of Nature: A Podcast.

2 min readSep 15, 2025

By Robert Hanna and Scott Heftler

Contrary to the belief of most Kantians and Kant scholars, Kant is in fact an anarchist. In “Exiting the State and Debunking the State of Nature” Robert Hanna distinguishes sharply between two concepts of enlightenment, (i) enlightenment lite and (ii) heavy duty or radical enlightement; shows how there is an unbridgeable gap between Kant’s official political theory in The Doctrine of Right and his ethics; shows how Kant’s real political theory is worked out in Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason, and is in fact a heavy-duty, radically enlightened version of anarchism; refutes and debunks widely-believed Hobbesian assumptions about human nature, which are in fact nothing but cognitive illusions; and proposes a de-biasing strategy in political aesthetics for ridding ourselves of these Hobbesian cognitive illusions.

You can find an accessible but also fully detailed podcast on Hanna’s “Exiting the State and Debunking the State of Nature,” created by Scott Heftler and other friends of Philosophy Without Borders, HERE.

And you can also download and read or share a .pdf of the full text of “Exiting the State and Debunking the State of Nature” by clicking on the Download tab directly below.

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Mr Nemo
Mr Nemo

Written by Mr Nemo

Formerly Captain Nemo. A not-so-very-angry, but still unemployed, full-time philosopher-nobody.

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